Tag: DefectReduction

  • Precision Industry: Enhancing Quality and Productivity with Customized Cleaner Systems

    Precision Industry: Enhancing Quality and Productivity with Customized Cleaner Systems

    Did you know that a single speck of dust can shorten the lifespan of a product and undermine a company’s credibility? Invisible, tiny particles of contamination can accumulate to compromise the overall efficiency of the production line and lead to significant losses caused by increased defect rates. While things may seem fine at the moment, ignoring these issues could result in frequent equipment breakdowns, customer dissatisfaction due to quality failures, and even damage to a company’s reputation. Huvics addresses these potential risks and offers customized cleaner system solutions that can innovate productivity and quality for its clients.

    The Importance of Customized Solutions in Precision Industries

    The semiconductor and advanced electronics industries demand higher degrees of precision and efficiency than ever before, along with unwavering reliability. In such exacting environments, standardized solutions reveal their limitations. Production lines, product characteristics, and final quality standards are unique to each customer. To perfectly meet these individual and specific needs, a customized approach from the initial equipment design stage is essential. Rather than merely providing a ‘function’, the true value of customized design lies in providing key tools that maximize customers’ productivity and yield, ultimately securing a competitive edge in the market. Well-crafted custom equipment delivers outstanding performance in ultra-precision processes where even minimal errors cannot be tolerated, thereby providing a solid foundation for continued growth and innovation.

    Innovative Technology of Huvics’ Customized Cleaner Systems

    Advanced Cleaning Technologies

    The cleaner systems offered by Huvics epitomize the significance of customized design. These systems are far more than just surface cleaning machines. Like an orchestra precisely tuned for the client’s product, advanced cleaning technologies such as Micro Bubble, Water Jet, and Air Knife are harmoniously integrated into a comprehensive solution. For instance, if a specific client produces microsized components sensitive to minuscule dust particles, Huvics analyzes the component’s shape, material, and contamination characteristics comprehensively to design an optimal micro bubble spray intensity, water jet angle, and air knife drying method.

    Drying and Automation Systems

    Along with ensuring perfect drying with the Oven Dry function, which precludes secondary contamination risks from residual moisture or water stains, Huvics provides solutions that carefully consider production flexibility and maintenance ease. Clients can opt for Full Auto or Manual modes, depending on their specific production environment and level of automation. Huvics’ cleaner systems are finely attuned to customers’ particular requirements, directly boosting production efficiency and ensuring the quality stability of final products.

    Customized Cleaning Solutions Considering Product Characteristics

    Various Cleaning Requirements for Different Products

    As previously discussed, Huvics embeds its unrivaled expertise and technological excellence in custom equipment design that reflects customers’ deep-rooted needs, providing integrated solutions aimed at maximizing the efficiency of ultra-precise processes and securing quality reliability. Advanced electronic components such as camera modules, sensors, VCM motors, and trays with diverse characteristics require different cleaning conditions. For example, in the case of a camera module, where extremely minute particles can have critical repercussions, enhancing cleaning fluid infiltration and fine contamination removal techniques is essential. Conversely, for trays sensitive to shape deformation, gentle yet effective cleaning methods and drying protocols are imperative.

    Optimized Cleaning Protocols

    By considering these product-specific traits, Huvics designs customized cleaner systems that precisely control the combination of cleaning technologies, pressure, temperature, and timing. The Oven Dry function does not simply employ hot air, but sets the optimal temperature and drying time for each product material to achieve immaculate drying without thermal distortion or damage. Such a customized approach radically enhances particle removal efficiency, reducing defect rates and playing a decisive role in firmly securing the quality stability of final products on the production line.

    Huvics’ Custom Design Philosophy for Customer Success

    Strategic Value of Custom Design

    Huvics strives to be more than just a vendor of cutting-edge equipment; it aspires to become the optimal partner for its customers towards successful business ventures. At the core of this partnership, an unwavering commitment to ‘custom design’ is one of its steadfast values. Custom design in cleaner systems is a strategic element aimed at revolutionizing clientele productivity and product quality while ultimately helping them secure a competitive advantage in the market. Maximizing particle removal efficiency to drastically cut down defect rates and securing the stability of final product quality is no longer an option but a requisite competitive edge.

    Customer-Centric Partnerships

    By deeply understanding client-specific production settings and forward-looking goals, Huvics provides an optimized cleaner system to solve complex challenges faced by clients and seize new growth opportunities. Just like a well-fitted suit gives comfort and confidence, a perfectly designed custom piece of equipment adds stability and efficiency to production processes. This commitment to staying true to custom design is the reason Huvics delivers ‘the highest value’ beyond ordinary equipment to its clients, consistently pursuing sustainable growth together.

    Ultimately, in complex production environments where uniform standards fail to satisfy demands, the key to overcoming unseen losses and potential risks was indeed ‘custom design’. As demonstrated by Huvics’ cleaner system, solutions perfectly attuned to production lines and product characteristics provide the following core values.

    Summary of Core Values

    • Significantly lower defect rates and secure the stability of final product quality
    • Lay the foundation for sustainable company growth and secure a competitive edge in the market

    Huvics relentlessly pursues such customized values for the unique success of its clients.


    Huvics is a high-tech company developing and manufacturing automation equipment and production systems across the semiconductor, LED, Mobile, and Cosmetic industries.
    Our top talent and continuous technological innovation support clients in improving productivity and securing quality competitiveness.

    Contact Huvics Co., Ltd.

    Phone: 031-374-8285
    Email: cdpark@huvics.com

    Huvics Contact

  • Why is Regular Maintenance of the Spin Cleaner Essential? Key Reasons and Management Methods

    Why is Regular Maintenance of the Spin Cleaner Essential? Key Reasons and Management Methods

    What if the remarkable cleaning power and quality improvement you experienced with the introduction of Huvics’ Spin Cleaner seem to fade over time? Could it be that you’re overlooking the critical hidden factor of ‘regular maintenance’ to maintain the initial performance? Today, we will delve into how to fully utilize the Spin Cleaner’s potential and the secret to maintaining consistent quality and productivity: regular maintenance.

    Why is Regular Maintenance Essential for the Spin Cleaner?

    Precision Industrial Environments and the Spin Cleaner

    The semiconductor and advanced electronic component industries are literal battlegrounds of precision technology. Here, even a one-micron error is not tolerated, and process efficiency and the reliability of the final product quality are considered critical values that determine a company’s survival. Huvics has developed innovative Spin Cleaners providing excellent cleaning solutions to meet these stringent industry requirements. The Spin Cleaner, equipped with cutting-edge cleaning technologies like Micro Bubble, Water Jet, and Air Knife, perfectly removes even minute contaminants from product surfaces, significantly reducing defect rates in production lines.

    Essential Elements for Sustaining Performance

    No matter how outstanding the equipment’s performance is, it’s nearly impossible to consistently maintain optimal efficiency and precision without consistent management and regular maintenance. Just like a high-end sports car requires regular engine checks and parts replacement to maintain peak performance. Regular maintenance of the Spin Cleaner plays the following essential roles:

    • Extends equipment lifespan for efficient operation
    • Ensures stability in the production process for uninterrupted work
    • Prevents potential issues from arising, thereby avoiding production disruptions

    Huvics deeply understands that the ultimate value customers seek from the Spin Cleaner extends beyond mere cleanliness to minimizing defect rates and securing final quality stability. By emphasizing the importance of regular maintenance, we actively support our customers in focusing solely on essential production activities with peace of mind.

    Key Components of Spin Cleaner and Point Checks by Model

    Key Components of the Spin Cleaner

    The first step to using a Huvics Spin Cleaner optimally for an extended period is understanding the importance of regular maintenance. The Spin Cleaner consists of three main components: cleaning nozzles, filters, and pumps. These components work organically to perform precise cleaning tasks.

    Functions of Each Component and the Need for Checks

    The cleaning nozzle sprays high-pressure cleaning liquid finely to effectively remove contaminants from the product surface. If the nozzle clogs or is damaged, the spray pattern of the cleaning liquid becomes uneven, deteriorating cleaning quality and potentially increasing the defect rate of the final product.

    Next, the filter removes foreign substances from the cleaning liquid, maintaining its cleanliness and preventing re-contamination. If the filter fails to function properly, contaminants can accumulate in the cleaning liquid, reattach to the product, or cause nozzle blockages.

    Lastly, the pump circulates the cleaning liquid smoothly throughout the system, ensuring uninterrupted cleaning processes. If the pump’s performance degrades, the pressure or flow rate of the cleaning liquid can become unstable, reducing cleaning efficiency and subsequently productivity.

    Full Auto and Manual Model Point Checks

    Huvics Spin Cleaner is available in Full Auto and Manual models, each with distinct point checks based on their characteristics. The Full Auto model offers the advantage of convenience due to its automated system, but precise software and hardware checks are essential due to its complex control system and various integrated sensors. In contrast, the Manual model requires more direct handling and management by the user, making it crucial for operators to visually inspect the physical state and operation of each component, taking immediate action when necessary. By understanding the characteristics of each model and regularly checking the condition of key components, Spin Cleaners can always perform at their best, enhancing process efficiency and securing quality reliability for customers.

    The Amazing Effects of Regular Maintenance

    Importance of a Proactive Management Strategy

    Regular maintenance is not merely a reactive measure for repairs. Rather, it is an active management strategy to maximize the Spin Cleaner’s potential, prevent unpredictable risks, and enhance productivity in the long term. Delaying maintenance with a casual ‘it should be fine’ attitude can lead to unexpected equipment failures that bring the entire production line to a halt, causing substantial losses. Just as regular engine oil changes and tire pressure checks ensure safe and efficient driving of a car, regular maintenance is essential for the Spin Cleaner to maintain optimal condition.

    Extension of Equipment Lifespan and Reduction of Total Ownership Costs

    One of the greatest benefits of regular maintenance is extending equipment lifespan. Delicate parts like cleaning nozzles, pumps, and filters naturally wear out or get contaminated over time. By detecting these minor changes early through periodic checks and taking appropriate measures, the replacement cycle of components can be predicted, and sudden failures can be prevented. This also leads to a reduction in the total ownership costs of the equipment.

    Maximization of Production Efficiency

    In addition, regular maintenance significantly enhances production efficiency. A Spin Cleaner meticulously adjusted to maintain optimal condition consistently exhibits superior cleaning performance, translating directly to increased throughput and reduced production times. Just like a well-maintained machine runs smoothly, stable equipment ensures seamless flow across the entire production line, becoming a key driver in boosting a company’s competitive edge.

    Reduction of Defect Rates and Securing Quality Reliability

    Moreover, regular maintenance brings the critical effect of reducing defect rates. By preemptively blocking quality degradation factors like complete removal of fine contaminants and maintaining equipment precision, the defect rate of final products can be minimized. Understanding the value of regular maintenance, Huvics spares no effort in supporting customers to enhance their production efficiency and quality, providing the most reliable solution for reducing defect rates and maximizing the quality reliability of final products.

    Start Regular Maintenance of Spin Cleaner Now

    Setting the Maintenance Frequency

    Although regular maintenance of the Huvics Spin Cleaner may seem complex, following a few principles can allow anyone to easily approach it. The first step is setting the maintenance frequency. It should be based on equipment usage frequency, working environment, and characteristics of the processed products. Generally, monthly maintenance is recommended, but shorter intervals may be advisable in high-production or dusty environments.

    Necessary Tools and Safety Precautions

    Prior to maintenance, necessary tools and materials should be diligently prepared. A basic set includes wrenches, screwdriver sets, cleaning brushes, clean dry cloths, and spare parts needed for component replacement.

    Safety is paramount. As the Spin Cleaner is a precision machine, safety precautions must be strictly observed. Before starting maintenance, ensure the equipment is powered off and check for any residual pressure or electricity. Never reach inside the equipment when operational or connected to power, and always wear personal protective equipment like gloves and safety goggles. Moreover, carefully read and understand the user manual provided by Huvics to prevent potential accidents during the maintenance process.

    Role of Experts and Support from Huvics

    It is important to clearly distinguish between aspects that can be inspected directly and areas that require expert assistance. Simple maintenance tasks like filter replacement and external cleaning can be performed by the user, but repairs of complex internal components, precise sensor adjustments, and software updates must be handled by Huvics’ expert engineers for accuracy and safety. Attempting to engage in specialized areas can inadvertently cause more damage to the equipment.

    Huvics offers various regular maintenance services as well as systematic training programs on equipment operation and maintenance for our customers’ convenience. Contact Huvics customer service at any time for friendly guidance, and we promise to always do our best to enhance your productivity and yield. Regular maintenance of the Huvics Spin Cleaner is the key to turning these assumptions into reality, extending beyond merely prolonging equipment life to significantly reducing production line defect rates and maximizing the quality reliability of final products. Proactive and consistent attention draws out the full potential of the equipment, ensuring sustainable competitiveness for companies. Through the value of regular maintenance, Huvics prioritizes supporting our customers’ successful production activities.


    Huvics is a high-tech company developing and manufacturing automation equipment and production systems across semiconductor, LED, Mobile, and Cosmetic industries.
    With the best manpower and continuous technological innovation, we support improving our customers’ productivity and securing quality competitiveness.

    Contact Huvics Co., Ltd.

    Phone: 031-374-8285
    Email: cdpark@huvics.com

    Huvics Inquiry

  • Introducing a Cleaner Machine to Enhance UV Curing Efficiency

    Introducing a Cleaner Machine to Enhance UV Curing Efficiency

    UV Curing Process: Success Story in Reducing Defect Rates and Achieving Quality Stability with Cleaner Machine

    In advanced industrial manufacturing processes, UV Curing is widely used but also often misunderstood regarding its efficiency and stability. Particularly, the impact of microscopic contamination on the final product quality is easily overlooked. Today, we present a success story of introducing a Cleaner Machine that significantly reduced defect rates in the UV Curing process and stabilized product quality. Join us as we explore this innovative case that solved hidden issues in the UV Curing process and maximized production efficiency.

    Customer Situation and Background

    Recently, a high-tech component manufacturing company, referred to as Company A, was struggling due to increasing defect rates in their UV Curing process. Particularly, microscopic contaminants on the surfaces of precision parts like camera modules and sensors often caused performance degradation and defects during the UV curing phase. Existing cleaning methods had limitations in completely removing these contaminants, and as production volume increased, the defect rate worsened. While evaluating several solutions, Company A focused on the Cleaner Machine, known for its excellent cleaning technology.

    Problem Awareness and Challenges

    Company A set the resolution of microscopic contamination issues prior to the UV Curing process as its top priority. The analysis of existing cleaning methods revealed several challenges: Firstly, microscopic particles are difficult to identify visually and challenging to remove completely using existing cleaning equipment. Secondly, due to the nature of the UV Curing process, there is a high likelihood of new contamination during the drying phase after cleaning. Lastly, there was a need for a cleaning solution that could be fully integrated into the automated production line. To overcome these challenges, Company A was searching for a solution that didn’t just wipe surfaces but removed all existing contaminants, prevented new contamination during drying, and provided perfect compatibility with their automation system.

    After reviewing various cleaning solutions, Company A judged the multi-stage cleaning technology and Oven Dry function of the Cleaner Machine as the optimal solution to the UV Curing process issues. The Cleaner Machine uses multi-stage cleaning technologies like Micro Bubble, Water Jet, and Air Knife to completely remove microscopic contaminants from product surfaces. The Oven Dry function ensures a thorough drying process post-cleaning, preventing re-contamination. Additionally, features like Full Auto/Manual selection facilitate process automation and maintenance. Notably, the core technology of Micro Bubble cleaning penetrates surface gaps using tiny bubbles to effectively remove contaminants, while Water Jet cleaning uses high pressure to wash away adhered contaminants from surfaces. The Air Knife blasts high-pressure air to remove remaining moisture and speeds up the drying process.

    Company’s Approach and Provided Solution

    After deciding to implement the Cleaner Machine, Company A worked closely with Supplier B to build a customized solution optimized for their UV Curing process line. Supplier B meticulously analyzed Company A’s UV Curing process line and identified problems at each stage to optimize the cleaning and drying conditions of the Cleaner Machine. They also provided customized interface design to ensure perfect compatibility with Company A’s automation system. Through Supplier B’s technical support, Company A successfully implemented the Cleaner Machine and maximized the efficiency of their UV Curing process line. Supplier B continued to provide ongoing technical support and maintenance after the installation of the Cleaner Machine, contributing to the stability of Company A’s production.

    Results and Client Feedback

    Following the Cleaner Machine implementation, Company A achieved remarkable reductions in defect rates of their UV Curing process and stabilized product quality. Important issues, such as performance degradation in camera modules and sensors due to microscopic contaminants, were resolved, enhancing the final product’s reliability. Additionally, the Cleaner Machine’s automation features improved productivity and resulted in labor cost savings. The production manager at Company A provided positive feedback on the Cleaner Machine implementation as follows:

    “The Cleaner Machine installation led to a noticeable decrease in defect rates of the UV Curing process. Microscopic contaminants, previously difficult to detect visually, were completely removed, significantly improving product quality and increasing production volume. This increased customer satisfaction and significantly contributed to enhancing our company’s competitiveness.”

    Furthermore, Company A’s quality control manager added:

    “The multi-stage cleaning technology and Oven Dry feature of the Cleaner Machine were highly effective in securing quality stability in the UV Curing process. Especially, the feature preventing re-contamination during the drying phase is an innovative feature not found in traditional cleaning equipment.” They added.

    Company A’s successful case demonstrates the efficacy of Cleaner Machine in resolving microscopic contamination issues in the UV Curing process, offering more than simple surface cleaning. Through multi-stage cleaning technology and Oven Dry functions, the Cleaner Machine completely removes all contaminants from surfaces, prevents re-contamination during drying, and provides perfect system compatibility to maximize production efficiency.

    Future Implications and Lessons

    This case of Company A is a prime example highlighting the critical importance of managing microscopic contaminants in advanced manufacturing processes. In precision processes like UV Curing, tiny contaminants can significantly impact the final product quality. Hence, companies must introduce solutions capable of effectively removing and managing microscopic contaminants occurring before the UV Curing process starts. The Cleaner Machine presents itself as the optimal solution for addressing these issues and enhancing production efficiency.

    Particularly, Company A’s case emphasizes the importance of building customized solutions optimized for the production line and close collaboration with suppliers during Cleaner Machine implementation. Supplier B meticulously analyzed Company A’s UV Curing process line, identified issues at each stage, optimized the Cleaner Machine’s cleaning and drying conditions, and ensured perfect compatibility with the automation system. Building such customized solutions and providing ongoing technical support were crucial in Company A’s successful Cleaner Machine implementation and enhanced efficiency of the UV Curing process.

    In conclusion, microscopic contamination issues in the UV Curing process can be effectively resolved with the Cleaner Machine, significantly contributing to improved production efficiency and product quality stability. Company A’s success story will also assist other companies in resolving issues and enhancing competitiveness in UV Curing processes. Remember, collaborating closely with Cleaner Machine suppliers to build customized solutions optimized for the production line is a key to successful implementation.


    Microscopic contamination issues that may occur in the UV Curing process can directly affect product quality. The Cleaner System provides practical cleaning solutions tailored to the specific characteristics and requirements of industrial sites.

    Huvics is a high-tech company developing and manufacturing automated equipment and
    production systems across the semiconductor, LED, Mobile, and Cosmetic industries.
    Our top talent and continuous technological innovation support enhancing customer productivity and
    securing quality competitiveness.

    Contact Huvics Co., Ltd.

    Phone: 031-374-8285
    Email: huvics01@gmail.com

    Huvics Contact

  • Analysis of Success in Increasing Yield with Cleaner Machine in the Semiconductor Industry

    Analysis of Success in Increasing Yield with Cleaner Machine in the Semiconductor Industry

    Secret Strategies for Increasing Yield: Success Case of Cleaner Machine

    In the rapidly changing semiconductor industry, enhancing production efficiency is a critical factor determining a company’s survival and growth. As micro-processing technology becomes more advanced, controlling contamination particles becomes increasingly important, directly affecting yield. In this context, Cleaner Machine has been providing innovative solutions to solve the concerns of many companies. Here, we introduce a story of a client company that achieved remarkable results by implementing Cleaner Machine.

    Customer Situation and Background

    The customer introduced today is Company A, which has established a significant position in the semiconductor manufacturing field. Company A has been leading the industry through continuous technological innovation and quality improvement but recently faced difficulties due to contamination particle issues in the production process. The aging of existing equipment and the increasing complexity of the process led to a rise in defect rates, causing concerns that this could result in increased production costs and deteriorated corporate image. Company A explored various solutions to address this issue but struggled to decide due to limitations of existing equipment and high initial investment costs. Importantly, Company A emphasized maintaining compatibility with existing production lines and easy operation and maintenance even when introducing new equipment. Additionally, the company sought solutions to improve overall production process efficiency and strengthen the quality management system from a long-term perspective. Company A’s engineers conducted numerous tests and analyses to identify the fundamental cause of the problem but found it challenging to discover a clear solution. In this situation, Company A became aware of Cleaner Machine, noting its innovative technologies and success stories.

    Problem Awareness and Challenges

    The main challenge for Company A was not only to reduce defect rates but also to ensure stability across the entire production process and secure long-term competitive advantages. To achieve this, Company A needed to accomplish the following specific goals. First, they had to adopt a new solution that maximized fine particle removal efficiency while maintaining compatibility with existing equipment. Second, they needed to reduce human error and enhance productivity through process automation. Third, they required equipment that was easy to operate and maintain to reduce long-term operating costs. Fourth, they had to continuously improve the production process and strengthen the quality management system based on accumulated data. To achieve these goals, Company A scrutinized the capabilities of Cleaner Machine and carefully evaluated its applicability to their production line. Particularly, Company A’s engineers focused on Cleaner Machine’s Oven Dry feature and the Full Auto / Manual selection option. The Oven Dry feature ensures a perfect drying process to effectively remove contamination particles, while the Full Auto / Manual option was expected to facilitate process automation and maintenance management. Company A anticipated that implementing Cleaner Machine would yield various effects such as improving productivity, reducing operation costs, and enhancing their quality control system along with achieving defect rate reduction.

    Company’s Approach and Provided Solution

    Cleaner Machine provided a tailored solution to meet these requirements of Company A. Cleaner Machine realizes a perfect drying process through its Oven Dry function, fundamentally blocking contamination particle issues. Moreover, it supported the establishment of an optimized automation system for Company A’s production line through the Full Auto / Manual selection function. Cleaner Machine engineers meticulously analyzed Company A’s production line and proposed optimal installation locations and operational methods considering compatibility with existing equipment. Additionally, Cleaner Machine offered specialized training in equipment operation and maintenance to Company A’s engineers to maximize equipment utilization and provide quick response in the event of problems. Cleaner Machine’s solution contributed to improving efficiency across Company A’s entire production process, allowing achievement of both defect rate reduction and productivity enhancement simultaneously. Cleaner Machine led successful innovation for Company A by providing customized solutions through close cooperation.

    Results After Application and Customer Feedback

    After implementing Cleaner Machine, Company A achieved astonishing results. The most striking change was the reduction in defect rates. Enhanced fine particle removal efficiency led to a noticeable decrease in defect rates, resulting in cost savings and increased profit. Furthermore, productivity significantly improved through process automation, and the possibility of defects due to human error was markedly reduced. Engineers at Company A praised the user-friendliness of Cleaner Machine and highly appreciated the ease of equipment operation and maintenance.

    “After adopting Cleaner Machine, productivity improved by over 20%, and defect rates decreased by 15%. Results that were unimaginable before.”

    This is actual feedback from an engineer at Company A. Company A succeeded in maximizing production efficiency and enhancing quality competitiveness through the implementation of Cleaner Machine.

    Future Implications and Lessons

    Company A’s success story provides significant implications for semiconductor manufacturers in resolving challenges and developing strategies for continuous growth. First, advanced technologies must be actively introduced to maximize the efficiency of production processes. Second, production processes should be continuously improved and quality management systems strengthened through data-driven decision-making. Third, customized solutions should be provided through close cooperation with clients to enhance customer satisfaction. Company A secured a competitive edge and prepared a foundation for sustainable growth through these strategies. Cleaner Machine will continue to offer innovative solutions through collaboration with clients and strive to support their success.

    Conclusion

    Company A’s case is a good example of how significant results can be achieved when innovative technology and a customer-centric approach are combined. Cleaner Machine will continuously provide the best value to customers through relentless technological innovation and grow together with them.


    Increasing yield is a core task in semiconductor manufacturing processes, supported by effective particle removal solutions. Cleaner Machine, with its reliable technology, supports ensuring stable quality.

    Huvics is a high-tech company developing and manufacturing automated equipment and
    production systems across the semiconductor, LED, Mobile, and Cosmetic industries.
    Our top talent and continuous technological innovation support enhancing customer productivity and
    securing quality competitiveness.

    Contact Huvics Co., Ltd.

    Phone: 031-374-8285
    Email: huvics01@gmail.com

    Huvics Contact